The Mediating Role of Developmental Mindset in the Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Academic Resilience Among Students Failing the Sixth Grade of Preparatory School

Abstract

This study examines the mediating role of( Growth Mindset (GM) in the relationship between Parental Involvement (PI) and Academic Resilience (AR) students  repeating the final year of high school). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted three foreign scales. The researcher adopted the modified Parental Involvement Scale based on the model of (Epstein, 2011) by (Gitonga, 2023). The Growth Mindset Scale by (Dweck et al., 2007) was also adopted. As for the Academic Resilience Scale, the (ARS) scale prepared by (Cassidy, 2016) was adopted after being translated and culturally adapted to the Arab environment. The research relied on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS v.26, on a sample of 300 students collected through stratified random sampling to ensure balanced representation of schools. Bootstrap resampling with 5000 samples and Bias-Corrected 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) was used to estimate the significance of direct and indirect paths The results showed excellent model-fit quality, and further indicated that a growth mindset represents a fundamental factor in enhancing academic resilience among sixth-grade preparatory students. That parental involvement indirectly affects academic resilience through its impact on the growth mindset; and the structural analysis results also clarified that the relationship between parental involvement and academic resilience is entirely mediated by the growth mindset.                                                                                                             

• Alsubheen, S. A., Oliveira, A., Habash, R., et al. (2023). Systematic review of psychometric properties and cross-cultural adaptation of the University of California and Los Angeles Loneliness Scale in adults. Current Psychology, 42,122-123
• Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological Testing (7th ed.). Prentice Hal,145-146
• Anastasi, A. (1988). Psychological Testing (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.128-
• Barger, M. M., Kim, E. M., Kuncel, N. R., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2019). The relation between parents’ involvement in children’s schooling and children’s adjustment: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 145(9), 855–890.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
• Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246–263.
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (3). Routledge.
• Cassidy, S. (2016). The Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30): A new multidimensional construct measure. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 1787.
• Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E., & Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14, 33–46.
• Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296–325.
• Claro, S., Paunesku, D., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Growth mindset tempers the effects of poverty on academic achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(31), 8664–8668.
• Chen, J., Yu, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2023). The longitudinal association between children’s growth mindset and their parents’ growth mindset. Frontiers in Psychology, 14,
• Department of Education UK. (2013). Teachers’ Standards: Guidance for school leaders, school staff and governing bodies (July 2011, introduction updated June 2013). Reference: DFE-00066-2011. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications.
• Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.111-123
• Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational Processes Affecting Learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040–1048.
• Dweck, C. S. ,Blackwell, L. S.,& Trzesniewski, K. H.,(2007). Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention. Child Development, 78(1)
• Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256–273
• Dweck, C. S. (2015). Growth mindset, its promise and limits. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 759–771
• Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2020). From expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: A developmental, social cognitive, and sociocultural perspective on motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101859.
• Epstein, J. L. (2011). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators and improving schools (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
• Fatmaningrum, W. (2021). “Analysis of the Impact of Hospitalization on Fat Mass Index in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Universitas Airlangga Hospita
• Fan, W., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13(1), 1–22.
• Ferguson, H. L. (2017). Mindset, Academic Motivation, and Academic Self- Efficacy as Correlates of Academic Achievement Among Undergraduate Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders Programs. 1648. Retrieved from Dissertations,
• Gitonga, D. M. (2023). Level of Parental Involvement in Type 1-6 of Epstein Typologies in the Current School Practices Base… Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education,276-287
• Gonida, E. N., & Cortina, K. S. (2014). Parental involvement in homework: Relations with parent and student achievement-related motivational beliefs and achievement. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 376–399.
• Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Parents’ views of failure predict children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets. Psychological Science, 27(6), 859–869.
• Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Parents’ views of failure predict children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets. Psychological Science, 27(6), 859–869.
• Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2009). Parental involvement in middle school: A meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 740–763.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1),
• Jeynes, W. H. (2012). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of different types of parental involvement programs for urban students. Urban Education, 47(4), 706–742.
• Kaya, M., & Erdem, C. (2021). Students’ Well-Being and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Study. Child Indicators Research, 14(5), 1743–1767.
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4)The Guilford Press.
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128.
• Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2009). Academic resilience and academic buoyancy: Multidimensional and hierarchical conceptual framing of causes, correlates, and cognate constructs. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(1), 197–207.
• Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2008). Academic buoyancy: Towards an understanding of students’ everyday academic resilience. Journal of School Psychology, 46(1), 53–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.01.002
• Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2003). Academic resilience and the four Cs: Confidence, control, composure, and commitment. Annual Conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education (AARE 2003), Auckland, New Zealand. Retrieve
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.147
• Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328–344
• Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., Romero, C., Smith, E. N., Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2015). Mind-set interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26(6), 784–793.
• Putwain, D. W., Connors, L., Symes, W., & Douglas-Osborn, E. (2021). Academic buoyancy and adaptability: Links with academic performance and socio-emotional functioning in secondary school students. Learning and Instruction, 71, 101–379.
• Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. Psychological Science, 29(4), 549–571.
• Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M., Murray, J. S., Crosnoe, R., Muller, C., Tipton, E., Schneider, B., Hulleman, C. S., Hinojosa, C. P., Paunesku, D., Romero, C., Flint, K., Roberts, A., Trott, J., Iachan, R., Buontempo, J., Yang, S. M., Carvalho, C. M., … Dweck, C. S. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. N
• Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302–314.
• Yeager, D. S., Walton, G. M., Brady, S. T., Akcinar, E. N., Paunesku, D., Keane, L., ... & Dweck, C. S. (2019). Teaching a lay theory before college narrows achievement gaps at scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(16), 7778–7783.
• Wilder, S. (2014). Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement: A meta-synthesis. Educational Review, 66(3), 377–397.
• Arabic References ترجمة المصادر العربية
• Al-Khatib, A. (2019). Scientific Research Methods in Educational Sciences. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Cairo, Egypt:.
• Khalaf, M, A (2024). “Academic Resilience and its Relationship with Academic Achievement among Students of the Faculty of Education, Minia University.” Journal of Educational Research and Psychology, Minia University, Issue 62.
• Al-Dulaimi, I. A & Mahdawi, A. M. (2005). Measurement and Evaluation in the Educational Process (2nd ed.). Ahmad Al-Dabbagh Library, Baghdad, Iraq.
• Al-Zahrani, M. (2020). Parental feedback methods and their relationship with growth mindsets among adolescents. Saudi Educational Journal, 34(1), .
• Al-Saeedi, F, (2021). “The Impact of Parenting Styles on Academic Achievement.” Journal of University Education Studies, 15(3).
• El-Sayed, M.A-E. (2015). The Relationship between Academic Resilience, Academic Ambition, and Achievement Motivation among Faculty of Education Students. Journal of the Faculty of Education, Minia University, (31
• Al-Shawabkeh, M. (2021). What is the verbal noun in the Arabic language. Mawdoo3.com. Retrieved from: https://mawdoo3.com/
• Abbas, A, Kh. (2018). Academic resilience and its relationship to cognitive control strength among university students (Unpublished Master’s thesis). College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Basrah.
• Abd ul-Wadud, Th, & Ahmed, Sh. (2022). Academic resilience and its relationship to attitudes toward e-learning among university professors (Published Master’s thesis). College of Education, University of Baghdad.
• Abdel-Malek, H, H, A.: (2024): A Study on the Effectiveness of a Program Designed to Enhance Growth Mindset in Improving Academic Performance and Developing the Ability to Cope with Psychological Stress among Academically Delayed Students, Egyptian Journal of Psychological Counseling, Vol. 80, No. 5.
• Al-Assaf,kh. (2019). Growth mindset and its relationship with academic resilience among high school students. Journal of King Saud University – Educational Sciences, 31(4).
• Al-Anzi, H, Sh :(2020). “Parental Involvement in Kindergarten from the Perspective of Supervisors and Teachers in Kuwait.” Journal of Educational Sciences, Issue 16, Qatar Univer
• Al-Eisawi, S. (2018). Parental involvement in supporting the academic achievement of underachieving students. Arab Journal of Education,
• Al-Kubaisi, Wahab (2010). Applied Statistics in Social Sciences. University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Al-Yamama Library.
• Majid, Abdul Hassan Rzouqi & Ayal, Yassin Abdul Hameed (2012). Measurement and Evaluation for University Students. Baghdad: Al-Yamama Publishing House.
• Al-Muhaizaa, S, b- N: (2022). “The Effect of Using Growth Mindset on Academic Achievement and Learning Motivation among Sixth Grade Female Students.” Saudi Journal of Educational Sciences, Issue 9.